فایل کامل و عالی کارایی مصرف آب خیار زیر پوشش پلاستیکی و آبیاری قطره ای

چکیده
 برای مطالعه¬ی تأثیر ۲ نوع پوشش پلاستیکی (تیره و روشن) با آبیاری قطره¬ای روی نیاز آبیاری و محصول خیار، بعلاوه برای تأثیرشان روی زمان بلوغ- آزمایشات در مرکز تحقیقات علمی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی¬ هاما، GCSAR ، سوریه انجام می شود. در طول فصل رشد ۲۰۱۰- ۲۰۰۹ از طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با ۳ تکرار استفاده می شود. خصوصیات خاک تأثیر گذار است، زیرا آن ها اثرات پوشش پلاستیکی را بازتاب می کنند. تیمارها پوشش شفاف با آبیاری قطره ای (DI+TM)، پوشش تیره با آبیاری قطره ای (DI+BM) آبیاری بدون پوشش (DI) و آبیاری جویچه ای سطحی (SI). نتایج مطالعات نشان می¬دهد که تیمار DI+TM در محصول و کارایی مصرف آب به دیگر تیمارها برتری دارد. که محصول این تیمار ۱- ha t 9/63 با کارایی مصرف آب
 1- mm 1-t ha 238/0 است. اگر چه محصول خیار و کارایی مصرف آب کاهش می یابد در بقیه ی تیمارها از تیمار بدون پوشش DI و SI برای رسیدن به ۱- tha 1/44  محصول با ۱- mm 1-t ha 53% از کارایی مصرف آب و ۱-tha 7/37 محصول ۱- mm 1-t ha 056/0 نتایج نشان می دهد که تیمار DI+TM بیشترین دمای خاک و بیشترین رطوبت خاک در طول ۲ فصل را در مقایسه با DI+BM دارد. رشد گیاهی و بهره وری در مقایسه با تیمار SI دو برابر می شود.

مقدمه:
خیار نیاز به یک دما و رطوبت خاک بالا برای محصول رضایت بخشی دارد، زیرا شرایط نامساعد محیط چندین مشکل ممکن است اتفاق بیافتد کاهش گل¬های ماده، تاخیر اندازه ی رشد میوه، و اختلال در ماده¬ی معدنی. بنابراین کاشت خیار در فصل بهار و تابستان هنگامی که شرایط و آب و هوایی مساعد برای رشد گیاه و دستیابی به محصول بالا.
سوریه منابع زمینی فراوانی دارد . اما تأمین آب آبیاری بسیار کم برای بهره¬برداری مناسب از پتانسیل خاک دارد. برای پذیرش روش آبیاری پیشرفته مثل آبیاری قطره ای برای استفاده ی مؤثر و مدیریت منابع آب آبیاری یک عامل معین مهم از بازده محصول است. زیرا این وابسته به عوامل محیطی زیادی از گیاه است که بر رشد و توسعه مؤثر است. فقط دسترسی به مقدار  رطوبت مناسب در مراحل حساس رشد گیاه پردازش¬های متابولیک سلول گیاهی را بهینه نمی¬کند. اما تأثیر مواد معدنی روی محصول را افزایش می دهد. نتیجتاً هر درجه از تنش-های آب ممکن است اثرات زیان آوری روی رشد محصول و بازده داشته باشد. آبیاری سطحی ممکن است به طور گسترده در سراسر جهان استفاده شود. در سوریه خیار در روش¬های آبیاری سطحی مرسوم نیز رشد می-کند. در این روش قسمت بزرگی از آب آبیاری توسط تبخیر سطحی، فرونشت عمقی و دیگر تلفات به هدر می¬رود. علاوه بر این در کشاورزان گرایشی به سمت کاربرد آب اضافی هنگامی که در دسترس باشد وجود دارد. زیرا شرایط تامین آب کشاورز تمایل به افزایش مدت آبیاری دارد. که باعث استرس¬هایی از جمله: محصول کم و کیفیت پایین می¬شود.
آبیاری قطره ای با توانایی تأمین کم و کاربرد آب در مجاورت منطقه ریش? گیاه که بهترر جذب می¬شود زیرا نیاز آبی گیاه را کاهش می¬دهد و تولید بیشتر را ممکن می¬سازد.
این می¬تواند بوسیله ی روش¬های پیشرفته¬ی تولید از آبیاری و تمرینات بهتر آب به دست آید. در میان روش-های مدیریتی آب برای افزایش کارایی مصرف آب از مالچ استفاده می¬شود. هر ماده¬ای که روی خاک گسترش میابد از آن در مقابل تابش های خورشیدی با تبخیر حفاظت می کند مالچ نامیده می¬شود.
مواد مختلفی از جمله کاه گندم، کاه برنج، غشای پلاستیکی، علفی، چوبی،سنگی و غیره به عنوان مالچ به کار برده می شود. آن¬ها دمای خاک را متعادل می¬کنند و نفوذ آب را در طول باران¬های شدید افزایش می¬دهند.
بسیاری از این آزمایش¬ها برای مطالعه¬ی تأثیر آبیاری قطره¬ای و مالچ پلاستیکی بهبود بازدهی از محصولات زیادی با آبیاری قطره ای در بعضی مطالعات به دست می آید. در حالی که در دیگر مطالعات بازدهی گزارش شده کمی کمتر یا برابر است. برای روش آبیاری مرسوم با کاهش نیاز آب آبیاری تا ۳۰ تا ۶۰ درصد. خیار برای آبیاری قطره ای ترکیب شده با مالچ پلاستیکی مناسب است اما کارهای کمی برای مطالعه تأثیر آبیاری قطره¬ای و مالچ پلاستیکی روی بازده محصول و کارایی مصرف آب از خیار در مناطق نیمه خشک سوریه انجام شده است. تحقیقات حاضر برای تعیین تأثیر آبیاری قطره¬ای و مالچ پلاستیکی روی بازدهی خیار وکارایی مصرف آب طرح ریزی شده¬اند به علاوه تأثیرشان روی سرنوشت آب در قسمت¬های خاک.

Agricultural Water Management

a b s t r a c t
To study the effect of two types of plastic mulch (transparent and black) with drip irrigation on water
requirement and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) yield, in addition to their effect on Maturity time. Trials
were carried out at Teezen Research Station, Hama Agricultural Research Center, GCSAR, Syria, during
۲۰۰۹–2010 growing seasons using complete randomized block design with three replicates. Soil
characteristics were followed too because they reflect the effects of plastic mulch. Treatments were
transparent mulched drip irrigation (DI + TM), black mulched drip irrigation (DI + BM), drip irrigation
without mulching (DI) and surface furrow irrigation (SI). The results of the study indicated that (DI + TM)
treatment excelled all other treatments at yield and water use efficiency (WUE), where its yield was
۶۳.۹ t ha−1, and (WUE) was 0.262 t ha−1mm−1, while (DI + BM) treatment produced 57.9 t ha−1, with a
(WUE) of 0.238 t ha−1mm−1. However cucumber yield and WUE declined in the remaining treatments of
no mulch (DI) and (SI) to reach 44.1 t ha−1 with 0.153 t ha−1mm−1 and 37.7 t ha−1 with 0.056 t ha−1mm−1,
respectively. The results showed that (DI + TM) treatment gave the highest soil temperature and moisture
during both of the seasons in comparison to (DI + BM). This enhanced its vegetative growth and almost
doubled its productivity compared to the SI treatment.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
۱. Introduction
Cucumber demands high temperatures and soil moisture for
satisfactory yield, and under unfavorable climatic conditions, several
problems may occur, such as the reduction of female flowers
(Cantliffe, 1981), delay in fruit growth (Liebig, 1981; Marcelis and
Baan Hofman-Eijer, 1993; Medany et al., 1999) and mineral disorders
– (Bakker and Sonneveld, 1988). Therefore, planting is usually
made in the spring-summer season when the weather conditions
are favorable for plants growth and high yield could be achieved.
Syria has abundant land resources but the irrigation water supply
is much less for adequately exploiting the soil potentials. This
calls for adoption of advanced irrigation methods such as drip
irrigation for effective use and management of the limited water
resources.
Irrigation is an important limiting factor of crop yield, because
it is associated with many factors of plant environment, which
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits
non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +963 11 5756012; fax: +963 11 5757992.
E-mail address: Tammam yaghi@Yahoo.com (T. Yaghi).
influence growth and development. Availability of adequate
amount of moisture at critical stages of plant growth not only optimizes
the metabolic process in plant cells but also increases the
effectiveness of the mineral nutrients applied to the crop. Consequently
any degree of water stress may produce deleterious effects
on growth and yield of the crop (Saif et al., 2003). Surface irrigation
method is most widely used all over the world (Mustafa et al.,
۲۰۰۳).
In Syria cucumber is generally grown under conventional surface
irrigation method too. In this method, the major proportion
of irrigation water is lost by surface evaporation, deep percolation
and other loses, resulting in lower irrigation efficiencies. Moreover,
there is a tendency of farmers to apply excess water when it is
available (Jain et al., 2000). Under limited water supply conditions
farmers tend to increase irrigation interval, which creates water
stress resulting in low yields and poor quality.
Drip irrigation, with its ability to provide small and frequent
water applications directly in the vicinity of the plant root zone
has attracted interest because of decreased water requirement and
possible increase in production (Darwish et al.

برای مشاهده محصول مشابه پیشنهاد می‌کنیم فایل کامل و عالی مقاله در مورد آبیاری قطره ای را ببینید.

, ۲۰۰۳; Janat, 2003).
As the world increasingly becomes dependent on the production
of irrigated lands, irrigated agriculture faces serious challenges
that threaten its suitability. It is prudent to make efficient use of
water and bring more area under irrigation through available water
resources. This can be achieved by introducing advanced methods
۰۳۷۸-۳۷۷۴/$ – see front matter © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.002

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